Current Issue : July-September Volume : 2026 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 2 Articles
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is an important cause of acute respiratory tract infections, particularly among children, older adults and immunocompromised individuals and continues to pose a significant global public health challenge due to the absence of approved vaccines or virus-specific antiviral therapies. This review summarizes recent advances in HMPV biology, molecular diagnostics, vaccine development and global preparedness strategies for future respiratory virus outbreaks. Emerging diagnostic technologies, including multiplex molecular assays, next-generation sequencing, CRISPR-based diagnostics, biosensors and artificial intelligence, have significantly improved the speed and accuracy of HMPV detection. Advances in precision vaccinology, mRNA vaccine platforms and structure-based vaccine design have accelerated the development of promising vaccine candidates, while multi-omics technologies, genomic surveillance, digital epidemiology and the One Health approach have strengthened outbreak prediction and public health preparedness. Despite these advances, major challenges remain, including the lack of licensed vaccines, limited understanding of protective immunity and inadequate global surveillance. Integrating precision diagnostics, innovative vaccine technologies, artificial intelligence and international surveillance systems offers a promising strategy to reduce the burden of HMPV and improve preparedness for future respiratory virus outbreaks through continued multidisciplinary research and global collaboration....
Vancomycin is a cornerstone antibiotic for serious infections caused by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. However, its clinical utility is limited by vancomycin associated nephrotoxicity (VAN), a significant adverse effect associated with increased morbidity and healthcare burden. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the incidence, pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, outcomes and current strategies for prevention, monitoring and management of VAN. A structured literature review was conducted focusing on clinical and experimental studies evaluating VAN, including pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic considerations and recent guidelines updates. Vancomycin associated nephrotoxicity is a multifactorial condition involving oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, tubular injury and cast formation. Its incidence varies widely (5-43%) depending on patient characteristics and treatment related factors. Key risk factors include high vancomycin exposure, prolonged therapy, critical illness and concomitant use of nephrotoxic agents. Emerging evidence supports AUC-guided dosing as a safer and more effective strategy compared to traditional trough-based monitoring. Preventive approaches focus on dose optimization, early therapeutic drug monitoring and minimization of concurrent nephrotoxins. In conclusion VAN remains a clinically significant challenge which requires optimizing vancomycin exposure through AUC-guided monitoring and individualized dosing strategies to balance efficacy and safety....
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